41 resultados para cluster analysis
Resumo:
Genetic variation of four populations of Sargassum thunbergii (Mert.) O. Kuntze and one outgroup of S. fusiforme (Harv.) Setchell from Shandong peninsula of China was studied with random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. A total of 28 RAPD primers and 19 ISSR primers were amplified, showing 174 loci and 125 loci, respectively. Calculation of genetic diversity with different indicators (P%, percentage of polymorphic loci; H, the expected heterozygosity; I, Shannon's information index) revealed low or moderate levels of genetic variations within each S. thunbergii population. High genetic differentiations were determined with pairwise Nei's unbiased genetic distance (D) and fixation index (F-ST) between the populations. The Mantel test showed that two types of matrices of D and FST were highly correlated, whether from RAPD or ISSR data, r=0.9310 (P = 0.008) and 0.9313 (P=0.009) respectively. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) was used to apportion the variations between and within the S. thunbergii populations. It indicated that the variations among populations were higher than those within populations, being 57.57% versus 42.43% by RAPD and 59.52% versus 40.08% by ISSR, respectively. Furthermore, the Mantel test suggested that the genetic differentiations between the four populations were related to the geographical distances (r > 0.5), i.e., they conformed to the IBD (isolation by distance) model, as expected from UPGMA (unweighted pair group method with arithmetic averages) cluster analysis. As a whole, the high genetic structuring between the four S. thunbergii populations along distant locations was clearly indicated in the RAPD and ISSR analyses (r > 0.8) in our study.
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研究胶州湾浮游植物的物种组成与时空分布的特点,对于了解该湾生态系统的现状与历史变化趋势以及生态系统对自然条件变化和人类干扰的响应具有重要意义。 本文根据2004年每月一次采集的浮游植物样品,分析了胶州湾浮游植物的物种组成和优势种的时空分布情况。调查发现浮游植物共142种,分属于6门53属,其中硅藻门40属113种,占总物种数的79.6%;甲藻门10属24种,占总物种数的16.9%;其它为金藻门1属2种,裸藻1属1种,绿藻1属2种。浮游植物丰度周年波动范围为11.12-14602.39×104cells/m3,全年平均为1857.55×104cells/m3。全年丰度最高的藻为环纹劳德藻(Lauderia annulata),出现在2月份,而全年的丰度最高值也出现在2月份。在胶州湾中,硅藻所占比例最大,平均为97.44%,最高为99.95%,最低为82.55%。浮游植物的丰度的周年变化:有两个高峰,分别出现在2月份和10月份,是典型的温带海域双高峰的分布形式。 胶州湾浮游植物的优势种分析,采用Kikvidze等(2002)提出的确定优势种数量的计算方法,再依据各物种的优势度排序最终确定优势种。其中在多样性最低的6月和10月,优势种数目均为1种,分别为丹麦细柱藻(Leptocylindrus danicus)和中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)。而在多样性指数较低的1月、2月,优势种数目分别为2和3;而在物种多样性比较高的5月、7月、11月,由于分布相对比较分散,所以优势种数量较多。这说明这个方法可以较好地完成对胶州湾浮游植物群落分析时确定优势种的目标。优势种出现频率较多的种类为中肋骨条藻(1、3、4、5、8、10、11、12月)、洛氏角毛藻(Chaetoceros lorenzianus)(7、8、9、11、12月)、尖刺拟菱形藻(Pseudonitzschia pungens)(2、3、5、7月)、加拉星杆藻(Asteronella kariana)(1、2、3、5月)、密联角毛藻(Chaetoceros densus)(5、11、12月)、扭鞘藻(Streptothece thamesis)(7、8、9月)、夜光藻(Noctiluca scintillancs)(4、5、7月)、奇异菱形藻(Nitzschia paradoxa)(5、11、12月),对这些种的时空分布进行了分析。 对2004年胶州湾的浮游植物数据进行分层聚类分析后,发现可以将胶州湾划分为三个海区:湾南与湾外海区、湾中西部海区、湾东海区。
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本文利用ICP-AES、EPMA、X-ray衍射等测试技术以及聚类分析和因子分析等多种数理统计方法,系统地对中太平洋海区富钴结壳的元素地球化学特征、矿物组成和微观组构进行了研究,并探讨了其成因机制,获得以下主要认识: 1中太平洋海区富钴结壳类型多样,均为水成成因,其矿物相主要由锰矿物相、铁矿物相和非金属矿物相组成;富钴结壳壳层发育多种原生和次生构造类型。 2磷酸盐化作用不仅强烈改变富钴结壳元素初始含量,而且造成富钴结壳某些元素间的相关性发生改变,这些敏感型元素对可用于指示富钴结壳是否发生磷酸盐化。在不同水深段内,未磷酸盐化型富钴结壳的主要元素随经向、纬向的变化趋势相似,表明其受水体化学障、表面生产力和物质来源等环境参数控制;而随水深的变化则具有区域一致性,表明水体化学具有区域成层性。 3未磷酸盐化富钴结壳稀土元素含量和轻重稀土分馏程度随水深发生规律变化,这种变化不仅与它们在海洋中的含量和行为有关,也与海洋背景颗粒的吸附有关;铈(Ce)在富钴结壳中基本上呈4价,且动力学因素控制了其富集过程,因此Ce异常不能用于指示富钴结壳形成环境的氧化程度。 4基于富钴结壳微层呈锯齿状且同一微层生长速率不同,提出了富钴结壳在各种基底表面生长以及后继发育过程受固液界面双电层控制的发育模式。在富钴结壳整个发育过程中,经历了从贫氧环境向富氧环境的转变,但微环境则呈富氧-低氧过程的交替。 关键词: 富钴结壳;中太平洋;元素地球化学;界面双电层
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Copepod communities in onshore and offshore waters show a gradient from primarily near shore to primarily oceanic species. Understanding the transition between these communities is fundamental to determining the range of coastal influence. Copepod communities in the northern South China Sea (nSCS) were studied based on samples collected by vertically towing a net in 10 February-6 March (winter) and 26 August-6 September (summer) of 2004. Calanoida species richness, total copepod abundance, Shannon-Weaver diversity index, and onshore-offshore occurrence of dominant species showed obvious change from onshore to offshore waters. Although the offshore stations had lower abundance than the shelf stations, they had more species and larger diversity index. Abundance of some species (groups) with dominance index > 5% (Calanus sinicus, Euchaeta spp., Temora spp., Paracalanus parvus, and Subeucalanus subtenuis) declined from onshore to offshore waters. Warm water species (Pleuromamma abdominalis, P. gracilis, and P. robusta) occurred in offshore waters in both cruises. Station (q-type) cluster analysis in winter and summer separated copepod community into onshore and offshore communities at similar to 40% level of similarity. The two communities were divided at the position of similar to 100-m isobath. In summer, C. sinicus occurred in the upwelling area east of Hainan Island, indicating the presence of an oversummering stock of this species.
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本文研究基于模糊聚类理论的超声无损检测缺陷的定量化分析方法.针对基于模式识别的超声定量无损检测中存在的特征提取困难、用一般特征提取方法提取的特征值质量差等问题,提出基于小波分析的缺陷回波信号的特征提取新方法;缺陷成因的复杂性决定了其形状及尺寸等特征一般具有模糊性,本文研究了缺陷识别的模糊聚类方法,以提高缺陷的识别精度及识别结果与客观事实的相符合程度。
Resumo:
The sediment and diagenesis process of reservoir are the key controlling factors for the formation and distribution of hydrocarbon reservoir. For quite a long time, most of the research on sediment-diagenesis facise is mainly focusing on qualitative analysis. With the further development on exploration of oil field, the qualitative analysis alone can’t meet the requirements of complicated requirements of oil and gas exploreation, so the quantitative analysis of sediment-diagenesis facise and related facies modling have become more and more important. On the basis of the research result from stratum and sediment on GuLong Area Putaohua Oil Layer Group, from the basic principles of sedimentology, and with the support from the research result from field core and mining research results, the thesis mainly makes the research on the sediment types, the space framework of sands and the evolution rules of diagenesis while mainly sticking to the research on sediment systement analysis and diagenetic deformation, and make further quantitative classification on sediment-diageneses facies qualitatively, discussed the new way to divide the sediment-diagenesis facies, and offer new basis for reservoir exploration by the research. Through using statistics theory including factor analysis, cluster analysis and discriminant analysis, the thesis devided sediment-diagenesis facies quantitatively. This research method is innovative on studying sediment-diagenesis facies. Firstly, the factor analysis could study the main mechanism of those correlative variables in geologic body, and then could draw a conclusion on the control factors of fluid and capability of reservoir in the layer of studying area. Secondly, with the selected main parameter for the cluster analysis, the classification of diagenesis is mainly based on the data analysis, thus the subjective judgement from the investigator could be eliminated, besides the results could be more quantitative, which is helpful to the correlative statistical analysis, so one could get further study on the quantitative relations of each sediment-diagenesis facies type. Finally, with the reliablities of discriminant analysis cluster results, and the adoption of discriminant probability to formulate the chart, the thesis could reflect chorisogram of sediment-diagenesis facies for planar analysis, which leads to a more dependable analytic results.According to the research, with the multi-statistics analysis methods combinations, we could get quantitative analysis on sediment-diagenesis facies of reservoir, and the final result could be more reliable and also have better operability.
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In this paper, We analyzed the geological and geographical settings of dinosaurs extinction at the end of Cretaceous, especially the effect of the change of the elements contents on dinosaurs extinction. We studied basis on the two typical sections-Cretaceous-Paleocene boundary (Baishantou section (in Jiayin, Heilongjiang province of China) and Arkhara-Boguchan Coal Mine section (in Far East of Russian)) and Longgushan section (in Jiayin, Heilongjiang province of China) mainly. This work provided some evidences for forecasting the effects of global environmental change on bio-circle. The followings are the primary gains: According to the paleo-climate indexes (CaO/MgO,Sr/Ba) and the results of Factor Analysis, we found that there were similar climate in Baishantou section and Arkhara-Boguchan Coal Mine section near the K/E boundary, and both of them took on the trend of temperature declining and precipitation heightening after transitory high-temperature and drought. There are similar change and evlution rule of the elements contents near the boundary in the both sections (Baishantou section and Arkhara-Boguchan Coal Mine section). Both iron group elements and chalcophile elements appeared obvious abnormity. There are not visible correlation between the change of elements contents and climate indexes. This shows that the elements abnormity maybe came from the factors excluding climate or the factors were too many to conceal the influence of climate. --The result of cluster analysis showed that the boundary between BST3-8 and BST3-9 may be the K/E boundary of Baishantou section, and the top of twofold coal were the K/E boundary of Arkhara-Boguchan Coal Mine section which was consistent with accepted conclusion formerly. By contrast of elements contents in dinosaur bones and general organism, in surrounding rock and general sand stone, the regulation of the change of elements contents in dinosaur bones and surrounding rock, we confirmed that dinosaur extinction in Jiayin were relative with the high abnormities of Sr, Ba, Pb, Cr and the low abnormity of Zn, at least, it was them which speeded up dinosaurs extinction. After a series of analysis, we concluded that dinosaurs extinction of this areas tied up with the relative high background values of geo-chemical elements , paleo-climate and disaster incidents. First of all, high background values provided the necessary condition for the accumulation of the elements. Secondly, the drought climate adverse to the survival of dinosaurs, and led them to extinct gradually. finally, disaster incidents, the eruption of volcano or the collision of aerolites, made them exit this planet.
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The communication between parents and children is one of the focuses in adolescence research area. However,the ego states in communication were seldom referred to. In present research, the relationship among high school students’ ego states, parent-child communication status and mental health level was explored. Study1: Ego State Questionnaire (ESQ) was revised according to 400 high school students from both rural and urban areas. Study2: Revised Ego State Questionnaire was administered to 450 high school students. Data was analyzed by cluster analysis. Study3: The relationship among ego states, parent-child communication status and mental health level was researched systematically according to 450 high school students. The main results of the thesis were as follows: 1) The five factors of Johu Dusy’s ego states were confirmed. 2) The revised RESQ had good reliability and validity, and could be used in researching middle school students ego states and related area. 3) Gender differences: Girls’ NP score was higher than boys’. Boys’ Adult and AC score was higher than girls. 4)School difference: students’ A and FC from key high school scored higher than students form normal high school. 5) The students were divided into two groups according to parental education level. The split point was high school. Students whose parents’ education level was above high school scored higher in NP than the other group of students. 6) The students were clustered into 4 groups according to cluster analysis: adapted、rational、contradictory、self-centered。 7) adapted、self-centered students’SCL-90 score was lower than average level, contradictory students’ score was higher than average level, rational students’score was equal to average level. 8) Both NP and Adult ego states had significant negative correlation with SCL total score, CP ego states had significant postive correlation SCL total score. 9) NP, A ego states had significant postive correlation with family communication atmosphere, father-son, father-daughter, mother-son, mother-daughter communication status . CP had significant negative correlation with above variables. AC had significant negative correlation with family communication atmosphere . 10) The stepwise regression showed that Adult ,Control Parent ego states and communication between parents and children score had prevented from mental health significantly. Adult ego states impacted mental health through communication between parents and children.
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Online shopping has been a growing phenomenon all over the world as well as China in the recent years. Studies on online shopping with clickstream data have become a new research stream. But it is a pity that the online conversion rate is low. Accordingly, we can study on online consumers focusing on their shopping motivation, and put their shopping motivation and clickstream behavior into an integrative frame, study on the both construction and their relationship, and then we can get insight in chinese online consumers. This study has two processes. First, this study will use the questionnaire to explore all kinds of consumers’ online shopping motivation, and then emend the questionnaire and form the ultimate one for the second process. Second, we will simulate a shopping site to get clickstream data, participants need to complete the ultimate questionnaire at the same time. We will analyse the integrated data from two measures, cluster analysis separately, and explore the correspondence between the two cluster methods. Results show that, first, Chinese online shoppers contain five steady motivation factors: usefulness, fashion involvement, ease of use on searching, ease of use on alternative evaluation, ease of use after trade. Fashion involvement is comparatively independent, while the other have correlations between each two. Second, Chinese consumers can be clustered into five steady clusters according to online shopping motivation: functional shoppers, following shoppers, surfing shoppers, conflicting shoppers, e-laggard. The five clusters have significant differences on job, monthly income and online shopping experience of late six months, while have no significant differences on gender, age and education. Third, Chinese consumers can be clustered into five steady clusters according to clickstream data: functional browsers, hedonic browsers, impulsive shoppers, comparative shoppers and knowledge building browsers. The five clusters have significant differences only on age, while have no significant differences on other demographic variables. Fourth, the cluster methods according to motivation and according to clickstream data are two comparatively independent cluster frame, but they have limit correspondence.
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The subjects under two different educational conditions were presented with a multidimensional discrimination task. Their responses were analyzed in terms of nine strategy components, scores on which were analyzed by means of cluster analysis. In combination with the cluster analysis, the qualitative analysis was used to analyze the development of primary school pupils' strategies of artificial concept formation. The results indicate that: (1) Different strategies used by pupils have different influence on their artificial concept formation; (2) The pupils of grade 2 tend to use stimulus-preference and stimulus-describing strategies, while the pupils of grade 4、6 tend to use dimension-checking and focusing strategies to form artificial concepts; (3) Under the different educational conditions, there is a significant difference between the pupils of grade 2 and grade 4, while no significant difference between the pupils of grade 6; and (4) The strategy components change in a complicated manner in the development of the primary school pupils' strategy. With the development of cognitive strategies, some components' scores increase while some increase at first, and then decrease rapidly.
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Data on meaning of working (MOW) were collected from 905 respondents in Beijing area through a stratified sampling procedure of the questionnaire used in the restudy of meaning of working (which is still on going, adapted for using in China). Some parts of the factor structure obtained in this study are similar to what found by the MOW International Research Team (1987). Detailed analysis and cross-cultural comparisons were concentrated on the most similar parts societal norms about working (SNW). T-scores of the obligation norm (ON) and entitlement norm (EN) of Chinese were calculated based on the reaction frequencies of relevant items provided by the MOW International Research Team and shown as follows. The results reveal the obligation orientation characteristic of Chinese respondents. And more, 4 SNW patterns of Chinese respondents were obtained through multivariate cluster analysis and multivariate discrimination analysis and shown as follows. The influences of antecedent variables on SNW and the consequences of SNW were analyzed. Two questions were raised from these analyses: 1) The present measurements of SNW are not able to reflect the nature of the relation and dependency between ON and EN and are not free from social desirability; 2) the relationship between SNW and actual working behaviors need to be tested while the relationship between SNW and several work intentions was confirmed. A forced-choice scale of SNW was designed to overcome the shortcomes of the original scale. This scale includes 30 items. Each item is composed of a ON statement and a EN statement with similar values of social desirability. A repertory grids test was used to exam the constructure validity and to analyze the differences of cognitive structures of the 4 SNW patterns. The results indicated that the new scale had a good discrimination power. An experiment was designed to test the relationship of SNW and the actual work behaviors of the respondents. The respondents' action in completing a task was chosen as working behavior index. 4 hypotheses were tested: 1) higher obligation orientation subjects are more likely to complete tasks no matter overtime; 2) scheduled tasks are more likely to be completed no matter overtime; 3) the obligation norm about working is positively correlated with general obligation norms; and, 4) external motivtors will enhance lower obligation orientation subjects' working motivation more than higher obligation orientation subjects' the results verified hypothesis 1 and 3, but didn't support hypothesis 2 and 4 these findings will have great implication in administrating.