On innate and specific aspects of human language

Mixel Aurnague, Kepa Korta and Jesus M. Larrazabal (eds.)

Social Security, Education, Retirement and Growth

In this paper we analyze the effects of social security policies in an unfunded, earnings-related social security system on the incentives to education investment and voluntary retirement, on growth and on income inequality. Growth is endogenously driven by human capital investment, individuals differ in their innate (learning) ability at birth, and the pension scheme includes a minimum pension. More skilled individuals spend more on education, minimum pensions reduce low skill individuals' incentives to invest in human capital, there is no monotonic relationship between per capita growth and income inequality.

An Overview on the Field of Micro- and Nanotechnologies for Synthetic Peptide-Based Vaccines

18 p.

Wide Screening of Phage-Displayed Libraries Identifies Immune Targets in Planta

Microbe-Associated Molecular Patterns and virulence effectors are recognized by plants as a first step to mount a defence response against potential pathogens. This recognition involves a large family of extracellular membrane receptors and other immune proteins located in different sub-cellular compartments. We have used phage-display technology to express and select for Arabidopsis proteins able to bind bacterial pathogens. To rapidly identify microbe-bound phage, we developed a monitoring method based on microarrays. This combined strategy allowed for a genome-wide screening of plant proteins involved in pathogen perception. Two phage libraries for high-throughput selection were constructed from cDNA of plants infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14, or from combined samples of the virulent isolate DC3000 of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato and its avirulent variant avrRpt2. These three pathosystems represent different degrees in the specificity of plant-microbe interactions. Libraries cover up to 26107 different plant transcripts that can be displayed as functional proteins on the surface of T7 bacteriophage. A number of these were selected in a bio-panning assay for binding to Pseudomonas cells. Among the selected clones we isolated the ethylene response factor ATERF-1, which was able to bind the three bacterial strains in competition assays. ATERF-1 was rapidly exported from the nucleus upon infiltration of either alive or heat-killed Pseudomonas. Moreover, aterf-1 mutants exhibited enhanced susceptibility to infection. These findings suggest that ATERF-1 contains a microbe-recognition domain with a role in plant defence. To identify other putative pathogen-binding proteins on a genome-wide scale, the copy number of selected-vs.-total clones was compared by hybridizing phage cDNAs with Arabidopsis microarrays. Microarray analysis revealed a set of 472 candidates with significant fold change. Within this set defence-related genes, including well-known targets of bacterial effectors, are over-represented. Other genes non-previously related to defence can be associated through this study with general or strain-specific recognition of Pseudomonas.

Gen LPP : Avances en el conocimiento de uno de los genes candidato de la enfermedad celíaca

[ES] La enfermedad celíaca (EC) es una enteropatía autoinmune de predisposición genética, producida por la ingestión en la dieta de péptidos derivados de cereales como el trigo o la cebada. Aunque se creía que afectaba casi de forma exclusiva a los individuos europeos (1%), actualmente se conocen casos en todo el mundo. El modelo patogénico se centra en los mecanismos de la inmunidad adaptativa dependientes de la estimulación de linfocitos T CD4+ reactivos, pero existe además un efecto tóxico directo del gluten sobre el epitelio intestinal, dependiente de la inmunidad innata. La participación de la Genética en la susceptibilidad a la enfermedad es conocida desde hace tiempo, siendo el locus HLA el que explica aproximadamente el 40% del componente genético de la enfermedad. Para tratar de identificar otros genes con susceptibilidad, se han venido realizando múltiples esfuerzos durante los últimos años. Uno de los últimos, llevado a cabo en 2011, fue el Proyecto Immunochip. En él, se analizaron más de 200.000 variantes y se descubrieron 13 nuevos loci de riesgo para la EC, que junto con los descubiertos en anteriores trabajos y el locus HLA, daban un total de 40 loci de riesgo. Entre ellos, se encontraba la región que ocupa el gen LPP . Localizado en el cromosoma 3, un estudio reciente lo vincula con los procesos de adhesión celular en el intestino. En el presente trabajo, se ha estudiado el efecto de la gliadina sobre la expresión del gen de interés (LPP ) y el posible efecto de un silenciamiento del mismo sobre dos genes relacionados con las uniones celulares (ACTB y TJP1). En el caso de la gliadina, no se halló un cambio significativo en la expresión del gen. Mientras, los resultados del efecto del silenciamiento fueron dispares, no siendo concluyentes para el gen ACTB, pero encontrando una posible asociación entre los genes LPP y TJP1.