Biofouling of crypts of historical and architectural interest at la Plata Cemetery (Argentina)

Cemeteries are part of the cultural heritage of urban communities, containing funerary crypts and monuments of historical and architectural interest. Efforts aimed at the conservation of these structures must target not only the abiotic stresses that cause their destruction, such as light and humidity, but also biofouling by biotic agents. The purpose of this study was to assess the development of biofouling of several historically and architecturally valuable crypts at La Plata Cemetery (Argentina). Samples obtained from the biofilms, lichens, and fungal colonies that had developed on the marble surfaces and cement mortar of these crypts were analyzed by conventional microbiological techniques and by scanning electron microscopy. The lichens were identified as Caloplaca austrocitrina, Lecanora albescens, Xanthoparmelia farinosa and Xanthoria candelaria, the fungi as Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., Fusarium sp., Candida sp. and Rhodotorula sp., and the bacteria as Bacillus sp. and Pseudomonas sp. The mechanisms by which these microorganisms cause the aesthetic and biochemical deterioration of the crypts are discussed.

Cuéntame: análisis de imagen aplicado al crecimiento de colonias de levadura

Algunas levaduras son capaces de producir deterioro en alimentos desarrollándose en su superficie como colonias. La medida del crecimiento de éstas evaluando el aumento de células viables es una técnica laboriosa y tediosa, mientras que la medida del aumento de su radio proporciona un resultado inmediato. En este trabajo, como alternativa a la medición manual del radio de la colonia, se plantea el empleo de técnicas de análisis de imagen que permiten automatizar el proceso de medición. A partir de las imágenes escaladas digitales, adquiridas en escala de gris de las colonias en crecimiento se ha desarrollado un algoritmo de análisis de imagen con el software MATLAB®. Esta herramienta se ha utilizado para procesar diariamente las imágenes de colonias de cuatro especies de levaduras deteriorantes: Zygosaccharomyces rouxii, Debaryomyces hansenii, Saccharomyces cerevisiae y Rhodotorula glutinis. El error de predicción del tamaño de la colonia al aplicar el algoritmo es comparable con el cometido en la medición manual, no superando en ambos casos el 3-4% y obteniéndose un ajuste medio (R2) entre ambas mediciones de 0.99, ajuste consistente e independiente de la especie de levadura estudiada. La observación de que el crecimiento bifásico del radio está correlacionado con las fases de aumento de células viables hace de este algoritmo una excelente herramienta.

A simple mathematical model that describes the growth of the area and the number of total and viable cells in yeast colonies

We propose a model, based on the Gompertz equation, to describe the growth of yeasts colonies on agar medium. This model presents several advantages: (i) one equation describes the colony growth, which previously needed two separate ones (linear increase of radius and of the squared radius); (ii) a similar equation can be applied to total and viable cells, colony area or colony radius, because the number of total cells in mature colonies is proportional to their area; and (iii) its parameters estimate the cell yield, the cell concentration that triggers growth limitation and the effect of this limitation on the specific growth rate. To elaborate the model, area, total and viable cells of 600 colonies of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Debaryomyces fabryi, Zygosaccharomyces rouxii and Rhodotorula glutinis have been measured. With low inocula, viable cells showed an initial short exponential phase when colonies were not visible. This phase was shortened with higher inocula. In visible or mature colonies, cell growth displayed Gompertz-type kinetics. It was concluded that the cells growth in colonies is similar to liquid cultures only during the first hours, the rest of the time they grow, with near-zero specific growth rates, at least for 3 weeks.