Development of a 3-Dimensional Mathematical Collision Risk Model Based on Recorded Aircraft Trajectories to Estimate the Safety Level in High Density En-Route Airspaces

Como en todos los medios de transporte, la seguridad en los viajes en avión es de primordial importancia. Con los aumentos de tráfico aéreo previstos en Europa para la próxima década, es evidente que el riesgo de accidentes necesita ser evaluado y monitorizado cuidadosamente de forma continúa. La Tesis presente tiene como objetivo el desarrollo de un modelo de riesgo de colisión exhaustivo como método para evaluar el nivel de seguridad en ruta del espacio aéreo europeo, considerando todos los factores de influencia. La mayor limitación en el desarrollo de metodologías y herramientas de monitorización adecuadas para evaluar el nivel de seguridad en espacios de ruta europeos, donde los controladores aéreos monitorizan el tráfico aéreo mediante la vigilancia radar y proporcionan instrucciones tácticas a las aeronaves, reside en la estimación del riesgo operacional. Hoy en día, la estimación del riesgo operacional está basada normalmente en reportes de incidentes proporcionados por el proveedor de servicios de navegación aérea (ANSP). Esta Tesis propone un nuevo e innovador enfoque para evaluar el nivel de seguridad basado exclusivamente en el procesamiento y análisis trazas radar. La metodología propuesta ha sido diseñada para complementar la información recogida en las bases de datos de accidentes e incidentes, mediante la provisión de información robusta de los factores de tráfico aéreo y métricas de seguridad inferidas del análisis automático en profundidad de todos los eventos de proximidad. La metodología 3-D CRM se ha implementado en un prototipo desarrollado en MATLAB © para analizar automáticamente las trazas radar y planes de vuelo registrados por los Sistemas de Procesamiento de Datos Radar (RDP) e identificar y analizar todos los eventos de proximidad (conflictos, conflictos potenciales y colisiones potenciales) en un periodo de tiempo y volumen del espacio aéreo. Actualmente, el prototipo 3-D CRM está siendo adaptado e integrado en la herramienta de monitorización de prestaciones de Aena (PERSEO) para complementar las bases de accidentes e incidentes ATM y mejorar la monitorización y proporcionar evidencias de los niveles de seguridad. ABSTRACT As with all forms of transport, the safety of air travel is of paramount importance. With the projected increases in European air traffic in the next decade and beyond, it is clear that the risk of accidents needs to be assessed and carefully monitored on a continuing basis. The present thesis is aimed at the development of a comprehensive collision risk model as a method of assessing the European en-route risk, due to all causes and across all dimensions within the airspace. The major constraint in developing appropriate monitoring methodologies and tools to assess the level of safety in en-route airspaces where controllers monitor air traffic by means of radar surveillance and provide aircraft with tactical instructions lies in the estimation of the operational risk. The operational risk estimate normally relies on incident reports provided by the air navigation service providers (ANSPs). This thesis proposes a new and innovative approach to assessing aircraft safety level based exclusively upon the process and analysis of radar tracks. The proposed methodology has been designed to complement the information collected in the accident and incident databases, thereby providing robust information on air traffic factors and safety metrics inferred from the in depth assessment of proximate events. The 3-D CRM methodology is implemented in a prototype tool in MATLAB © in order to automatically analyze recorded aircraft tracks and flight plan data from the Radar Data Processing systems (RDP) and identify and analyze all proximate events (conflicts, potential conflicts and potential collisions) within a time span and a given volume of airspace. Currently, the 3D-CRM prototype is been adapted and integrated in AENA’S Performance Monitoring Tool (PERSEO) to complement the information provided by the ATM accident and incident databases and to enhance monitoring and providing evidence of levels of safety.

Radar track segmentation with cubic splines for collision risk models in high density terminal areas

This paper presents a method to segment airplane radar tracks in high density terminal areas where the air traffic follows trajectories with several changes in heading, speed and altitude. The radar tracks are modelled with different types of segments, straight lines, cubic spline function and shape preserving cubic function. The longitudinal, lateral and vertical deviations are calculated for terminal manoeuvring area scenarios. The most promising model of the radar tracks resulted from a mixed interpolation using straight lines for linear segments and spline cubic functions for curved segments. A sensitivity analysis is used to optimise the size of the window for the segmentation process.

Metabolic risk score indexes validation in overweight healthy people

The constellation of adverse cardiovascular disease (CVD) and metabolic risk factors, including elevated abdominal obesity, blood pressure (BP), glucose, and triglycerides (TG) and lowered high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), has been termed the metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) [1]. A number of different definitions have been developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) [2], the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) [3], the European Group for the Study of Insulin Resistance (EGIR) [4] and, most recently, the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) [5]. Since there is no universal definition of the Metabolic Syndrome, several authors have derived different risk scores to represent the clustering of its components [6-11].

Análisis de los efectos de un programa nutricional y de ejercicio físico sobre el perfil lipídico en personas con sobrepeso y obesidad

Introducción. Las enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV) son la principal causa de muerte en nuestro país. Entre los factores independientes más importantes para el desarrollo de ECV se encuentran en primer lugar las alteraciones del perfil lipídico como el aumento del colesterol total (TC), las lipoproteínas de baja densidad (LDL) y los triglicéridos (TG) y/o la disminución de las lipoproteínas de alta densidad (HDL). Entre las diferentes formas de abordar el problema para prevenir y tratar estas patologías se encuentra la modificación de los hábitos de vida a través de un programa combinado de dieta y ejercicio. La evidencia confirma la efectividad de la primera variable, sin embargo, en el empleo del ejercicio se encuentran discrepancias acerca de cuál es el modo más eficaz para mejorar el perfil lipídico. Objetivo. Estudiar los cambios en las variables del perfil lipídico y los índices lipoproteicos comparando cuatro tipos de intervención que combinan dieta y diferentes modos de ejercicio, así como, analizar otras variables independientes (género, edad y genotipo ApoE) que pueden tener influencia sobre estos cambios. Diseño de la investigación. Los datos analizados en esta tesis forman parte del estudio “PROgramas de Nutrición y Actividad Física para el tratamiento de la obesidad” (PRONAF). Se trata de un estudio clínico desarrollado en España entre el 2008 y el 2011. La metodología del estudio nos permite comparar cuatro tipos de intervención para la pérdida de peso y evaluar su impacto sobre el perfil lipídico. El diseño fue experimental aleatorizado donde a todos los participantes se les sometió a un programa de dieta equilibrada hipocalórica junto a uno de los tres modos de ejercicio (grupo de entrenamiento de fuerza, grupo de entrenamiento de resistencia y grupo de entrenamiento combinado de los modos anteriores; los cuales fueron igualados en volumen e intensidad) o grupo de recomendaciones de actividad física. Las principales variables analizadas en los estudios que comprende esta tesis doctoral fueron: HDL, LDL, TG y TC, los índices derivados de estas y variables de la composición corporal y del entrenamiento. Conclusiones. Los cuatro tipos de intervención mostraron ser favorables para mejorar las variables del perfil lipídico y los índices lipoproteicos, sin diferencias significativas entre ellos. Tras la intervención, los varones mostraron una respuesta más favorable en los cambios del perfil lipídico. El genotipo ApoE2 obtuvo una reducción mayor en la concentración de TG y TC que el genotipo ApoE3 y ApoE4. Por último, los índices lipoproteicos mejoraron tras un programa de pérdida de peso, obteniéndose mayores cambios en el grupo de dieta más entrenamiento aeróbico para los índices ApoB/ApoA-1, TG/HDL y LDL/ApoB. ABSTRACT Introduction. The main cause of death in our country is cardiovascular disease (CVD). The most important independent factors for the development of CVD are the lipid profile alterations: increased total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and triglycerides (TG) and/or decreased high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Among the different approaches to prevent and treat these diseases is modifying the lifestyle combining a diet and exercise program. The evidence confirms the effectiveness of the first variable, however, there is still controversy about the most effective mode of exercise combined with diet to achieve improvements. Objective. To study changes in lipoprotein profile comparing four types of intervention combining diet with different modes of exercise, and to analyze the independent variables (gender, age, and ApoE genotype) that can influence these changes. Research design. The data analized in this thesis are part of the study Nutrition and Physical Activity Programs for Obesity Treatments (the PRONAF study according to its Spanish initials). This is a clinical research carried out in Spain between 2008 and 2011. The aim of this study was to compare four types of intervention to weight loss with diet combining exercise. The design was experimental randomized where all participants were subjected to follow a hypocaloric balanced diet along one of the three modes of exercise (strength training group, resistance training group and combined training group of the above modes, which were matched by volume and intensity) or physical activity recommendations group. The main variables under investigation in this thesis were: HDL, LDL, TG and TC, the lipoprotein ratios, body composition and training variables. Main outcomes. The four types of interventions shown to be favorable to improve the lipid profile and lipoprotein level, with no significant differences between intervention groups. After the intervention, the men showed a more favorable respond in lipid profile changes. The genotype ApoE2 obtained more positive changes in the concentration of TG and TC than ApoE3 and ApoE4 genotype. Last, the lipoprotein ratios improve after weight loss treatment with diet combined different modes exercise. Our results reflected greater changes for E group in apoB/ApoA1, TG/HDL and LDL/ApoB compared within different intervention groups.

Influence of glycerin and lecithin inclusion in the diet on liver characteristics and lipid fraction in the serum of brownegg laying hens at 55 week of age

The effects of the inclusion of raw glycerin (GLYC) and raw lecithin, in the diet (23 to 55 wk) on liver characteristics and various serum lipid fractions were studied in brown egg-laying hens at 55 wk of age. The control diets were based on corn, soybean meal, and 4% supplemental fat and contained 2,750 kcal AMEn/kg, 16.5% CP, and 0.73% digestible Lys. The diets were arranged as a 2 × 3 factorial with 2 levels of GLYC (0 and 7%) and 3 animal fat to lecithin ratios (4:0, 2:2, and 0:4%). Each treatment was replicated 8 times and the experimental unit was a cage with 10 hens. At 55 wk of age, 2 hens per cage replicate were randomly selected, weighed individually, and slaughtered by CO2 inhalation. Liver was immediately removed and weighed and the color recorded by spectrophotometry. In addition, blood samples from one bird per replicate were collected from the wing vein and the concentration of total cholesterol, low and high density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides were determined. The data were analyzed as a completely randomized design and the main effects of GLYC and lecithin content of the diet and the interactions were determined. No interactions between GLYC and lecithin content of the diets were detected for any of the variables studied. Liver characteristics and serum lipid traits were not affected by the inclusion of GLYC in the diet. The substitution of animal fat by lecithin, however, reduced the redness (a* 14.9 to 13.8) and yellowness (b* 8.60 to 7.20) values of the liver (P < 0.05) but did not affect the content of serum lipid fractions. It is concluded that the inclusion of GLYC and lecithin in the diet did not affect liver size or serum lipid fraction. However, the inclusion of lecithin reduced the a* and b* value of the liver