The Use of Equality in Deduction and Knowledge Representation

This report describes a system which maintains canonical expressions for designators under a set of equalities. Substitution is used to maintain all knowledge in terms of these canonical expressions. A partial order on designators, termed the better-name relation, is used in the choice of canonical expressions. It is shown that with an appropriate better-name relation an important engineering reasoning technique, propagation of constraints, can be implemented as a special case of this substitution process. Special purpose algebraic simplification procedures are embedded such that they interact effectively with the equality system. An electrical circuit analysis system is developed which relies upon constraint propagation and algebraic simplification as primary reasoning techniques. The reasoning is guided by a better-name relation in which referentially transparent terms are preferred to referentially opaque ones. Multiple description of subcircuits are shown to interact strongly with the reasoning mechanism.

MicroRNAs Modulate Hematopoietic Lineage Differentiation

MicroRNAs (miRNAs), an abundant class of ~22 nucleotide non-coding RNAs, are thought to play an important regulatory role in animal and plant development at the posttranscriptional level. Many miRNAs cloned from mouse bone marrow cells are differentially regulated in various hematopoietic lineages, suggesting that they might influence hematopoietic lineage differentiation. Some human miRNAs are linked to leukemias: the miR-15a/miR-16 locus is frequently deleted or down-regulated in patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia and miR-142 is at a translocation site found in a case of aggressive B-cell leukemia. miR-181, a miRNA upregulated only in the B cell lineage of mouse bone marrow cells, promotes B cell differentiation and inhibits production of CD8⁺ T cells when expressed in hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. In contrast miR-142s inhibits production of both CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells and does not affect B cells. Collectively, these results indicate that microRNAs are components of the molecular circuitry controlling mouse hematopoiesis and suggest that other microRNAs have similar regulatory roles during other facets of vertebrate development.