Reducing seclusion in acute psychiatric inpatient settings : a need for strong leadership

<b>Background: </b>Seclusion is of limited therapeutic value and can be a harmful and traumatic experience for psychiatric consumers. Many psychiatric facilities have made substantial efforts to eliminate seclusion or reduce this practice to negligible levels.<br /><b>Aims:</b> To review the research on seclusion-reduction initiatives in psychiatric facilities.<br /><b>Methods:</b> We reviewed the peer-reviewed, English-language literature on seclusion reduction initiatives. We sourced 16 papers that focused on seclusion reduction initiatives and in which pre- and post-seclusion data were reported. Opinion-based papers and research that focused solely on pharmaceutical methods to reduce seclusion were excluded from our review.<br /><b>Results:</b> Successful seclusion reduction initiatives typically involved senior management implementing multiple changes within the facilities. Although commonalities exist with regard to the interventions used in these facilities to reduce seclusion (e.g., treatment plan improvement, monitoring seclusion episodes, changing the therapeutic environment), the ways in which these initiatives were combined tended to be unique to each organisation. State-level organisations sometimes provided the impetus for such changes to be made. There is strong evidence that changes made to psychiatric facilities were effective in reducing or eliminating seclusion.<br /><b>Conclusion:</b> Seclusion reduction in psychiatric facilities requires strong leadership from senior management. Sometimes leadership from state-level organisations accelerates a seclusion reduction agenda.<br />