共情、共情唤醒机制及共情结果的关系

Empathy was defined as affective experience isomorphic to another person’s affective experience elicited by the person’s affective state in this research. By constructing questionnaires and situational measurement approaches, the relationship among empathy, perspective-taking, imagination, empathic concern, distress, and interconnectedness and helping was analyzed. Perspective-taking and imagination were regarded as arousal mechanisms of empathy. Empathic concern and distress were reactive outcomes of empathy. Interpersonal outcomes of empathy were discussed in this research were empathic interconnectedness and helping. The results showed that perspective-taking had significant positive influence on empathic concern. Empathy partly mediated the effects of perspective-taking on empathic concern. Influence of imagination on empathic distress was partly mediated by empathy also. Perspective-taking had significant negative influence on empathic distress. Empathy had direct effects on its reactive outcomes, and indirect effects on its interpersonal outcomes mediated totally by empathic concern. Classification analysis according to the relationship among empathy, its arousal mechanisms, and reactive outcomes of empathy showed that disposition of empathic reactivity could be divided into 4 styles: general high empathy (22.5%), general low empathy (25.7%), empathic concern (24.4%) and empathic distress (27.3%). 4 styles were different in interpersonal acuity and mental health. It was suggested that adaptive function of 4 styles was different. And the styles of disposition of empathic reactivity significantly predicted situational empathy and its intrapersonal and interpersonal outcomes.

共情是由他人情感状态所引发的、与他人情感体验形态相同的情绪感受。本研究通过建构量表和情境测量方法，分析了共情与作为共情唤醒机制的观点采择和想象、作为共情反应性情感结果的共情性关心和共情性痛苦、以及作为共情人际间结果的关联感和助人意愿的关系。 结果表明，观点采择以共情为部分中介主要对共情性关心有预测作用，而想象以共情为部分中介主要对共情性痛苦有预测作用；观点采择对共情性痛苦有反向预测作用；共情对反应性结果有直接作用，而对人际间结果则通过反应性结果产生间接作用；共情以共情性关心为完全中介对关联感和助人意愿有预测作用。 依据共情与唤醒机制和反应性结果的作用关系，聚类分析结果表明，共情反应倾向可以区分为高共情、低共情、关心型共情和痛苦型共情，分布比例分别为22.5%、25.7%、24.4%和27.3%。4种类型在人际知觉敏锐性、心理健康方面存在差异，提示不同共情倾向适应结果可能不同。以量表法测量的共情反应倾向类型可以显著预测情境法测得的共情、共情反应性结果和人际间结果。